Una Sancta and the Liturgy

The True Visible church represents the Una Sancta

 

Returning again to JK’s comment, waaaay back in December (an off-topic comment he offered in response to my blog post, Global Warming: What is it all about?), he writes concerning use of the liturgy:

The liturgical church is still a man made entity. ...The caveat for me is when people cling to the liturgical church and say that this is the only way. Then this ceases to be worship and falls into the category of methods.

True enough – the historic liturgy that Lutherans follow, if it is “a way of doing something,” is also a “method.” The term “method” applied to CGM, however, has nothing to do with whether it is merely “a way of doing something,” but is a shorthand reference to “a way” which, at it’s root, (a) either replaces or is thought to augment the Holy Spirit’s work through the Means of Grace, (b) subverts the christocentric nature of the Divine Service in favor of anthropocentric priorities, (c) thoughtlessly corrupts the Marks of the Church, and (d) abrogates the practice of a distinctly Lutheran confession, replacing it with popular ecumenical expressions. Hence, in the discussion against CGM, the term “method” is not used in distinction to “no method,” as if methods are not allowed, but is used to highlight it’s negative impact on the Means of Grace, the Marks of the Church, the centrality of Christ in our corporate worship, and our Confessional stand against errorists. In point of fact, “methods” of some sort – where I must be careful to point out that the term method is used here in its broadest sense, as in “a way of doing something” – are a requirement of congregational worship: For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all the churches of the saints... Let all things be done decently and in order. (1 Co. 14:26-40). The “ways” which we agree to use, however, are not arbitrary, the order called for encompasses far more than just guiding a worshiper through a process, as if any old process will do. The Divine Service is the chief expression of the Church regarding who she is and what she does. This expression is Public in every respect, directed toward and occurring in the presence of God and before man. Rather than arbitrary anthropocentric “methods,” it is critical that the rites we choose to carry us through the Divine Service properly represent, teach and confess what the Church is, Her relationship with Christ and Her function in this world.

So why is it that “the way” Lutherans worship is the way it is? Why is it Historical? Why is it Liturgical? My brief answer: Chiefly Public Confession (which also teaches and represents). What follows is my long answer.

Practice Teaches, Practice Confesses: The Lutheran Confessions on the Liturgy
This is a subsection title of a post I published back in July 2009, Lutheran Worship and the Confessions: Adiaphora Bounded (Part 2). This series on Confessional worship practices started with Part 1 and culminated in a third part entitled Confessional Anthology: Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church?, which led off with a link to a very helpful and similarly titled essay by Rev. David Jay Weber (ELS): Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church? -- A Confessional Anthology.

In the subsection of Part 2, which I titled Practice Teaches, Practice Confesses, I emphasized the confessional nature of Lutheran worship practice, stating as follows:

In the quotations already cited, the idea that Practice teaches is interwoven into the substance of our Confession regarding Church practice: “that the common people might receive a sort of training” (AP XV [20]); “the children sing Psalms in order that they may learn,” and “the people also sing so that they may either learn or pray” (AP XV [40]). In addition, the Lutheran Confessions point our adversaries to our Practice as proof of our Confession, as stated above: “From this condition of the churches it may be determined that we earnestly keep Church discipline, godly ceremonies, and good Church customs” (AP XV [44]). But there is more.

In AC XXIV, the Confessions state directly, “For ceremonies are needed for this reason alone, that the uneducated be taught what they need to know about Christ” (3). This repeats the afore mentioned, that Practice teaches. Insofar as it teaches, it is not a matter of indifference – we are not free to teach falsely through Practice, and when we do teach, we are bound to make every effort to teach the whole counsel of God. The Historic Liturgy described in the series, Explanation of the Common Service, is an example of this.

Moreover, from this same reference in the Confessions, we see that Practice confesses. Leading to the above statement in par. 3, AC XXIV states, “Our churches are falsely accused of abolishing the Mass. The Mass is held among us and celebrated with the highest reverence. Nearly all the usual ceremonies are also preserved...” (1,2). From this reference we learn two things: (1) in the face of criticism, we not only assert our Confession, i.e., “Falsely are we accused...,” but (2) we point to our Practice as proof of our Confession, i.e., “The Mass is held... [and] nearly all the usual ceremonies are preserved.” Additionally, (3) we learn that inferring Confession from observance of Practice is legitimate, and that those whose Practice is confusing or offensive with respect to their Confession owe an explanation. But there is yet more...

The reader can satisfy his curiosity by examining the rest of that blog post for himself. One critical point to understand with respect to our Confession regarding the Church and our relationship to it, is that the Reformers were accused by the Romans of being outside the One True Church, of being sectarian. To fully quote AC XXIV referenced in the second paragraph in the above quote,

[1] Falsely are our churches accused of abolishing the Mass; for the Mass is retained among [2] us, and celebrated with the highest reverence. Nearly all the usual ceremonies are also preserved, save that the parts sung in Latin are interspersed here and there with German hymns, which have been added [3] to teach the people. For ceremonies are needed to this end alone that the unlearned [4] be taught [what they need to know of Christ]. And not only has Paul commanded to use in the church a language understood by the people 1 Co. 14:2-9, but it has also been so ordained by man's law.

it needs to be understood that by accusing the Reformers of abolishing the Mass, the Romans were principally accusing them of rejecting their catholicity. This is made abundantly clear in the Apology, where in defense of this article, Melancthon writes:

The fact that we hold only Public or Common Mass [at which the people also commune, not Private Mass] is no offense against the Church catholic... (6)

Moreover, it needs to be understood, contrary to what some modern commentators seem to think, that by the term Mass, the Reformers were not referring merely to the consecration and distribution of the eucharistic elements, i.e. the Eucharistic rite itself, but to the Sacrament together with the preaching of the Word and their supporting ritual apparatus. According to the Reformers, restricting use of the term Mass to the ceremony of the Lord’s Supper (as the Roman’s did) went hand-in-hand with restricting it to the sacrificial act of the celebrant, the benefit of which was derived merely from the act itself, opus operatum; but Mass properly understood, they insisted, is the sacramental benefit of the Lord’s Supper, the same benefit as the Absolution and the preaching of the Word, etc. – in other words, that of the service of God to Man by the ministrations of the Minister, through the Means of Grace, on account of which the ceremonies were established. The idea that the Mass was more than just the Supper was fixed by Luther by 1523, with the issuance of his first new liturgy, An Order of Mass and Communion for the Church at Wittenburg, in which he states, “...properly speaking, the mass consists in using the Gospel and communing at the table of the Lord” (LW 53:25). By 1526, the term Mass was used synonymously with the Divine Service, and Luther uses the two terms interchangeably in the preface and body of his Deutsche Messe (LW 53:49ff).

That these definitions are operative aspects of our Public Confession is represented clearly in article XXIV of the Apology:

Lord’s Supper is not ritual sacrifice, and cannot be separated from the preaching of the Gospel
[34] Another passage also is cited from Malachi 3:3: And He shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the Lord an offering of righteousness. This passage clearly requires the sacrifices of the righteous, and hence does not favor the opinion concerning the opus operatum. But the sacrifices of the sons of Levi, i.e., of those teaching in the New Testament, are the preaching of the Gospel and the good fruits of preaching, as Paul says, Ro. 15:16: Ministering the Gospel of God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy Ghost, i.e., that, the Gentiles might be offerings acceptable to God by faith, etc. For in the Law the slaying of victims signified both the death of Christ and the preaching of the Gospel, by which this oldness of flesh should be mortified, and the new and eternal life be begun in us.

But the adversaries everywhere perversely apply the name sacrifice to the ceremony alone. They omit the preaching of the Gospel, faith, prayer, and similar things, although the ceremony has been established on account of these, and the New Testament ought to have sacrifices of the heart, and not ceremonials for sin that are to be performed after the manner of the Levitical priesthood.

Entire Mass understood as Lord’s Supper together with preaching and ceremony
[35] They cite also the daily sacrifice (cf. Ex. 29:38f.; Dan. 8:11f.; 12:11), that, just as in the Law there was a daily sacrifice so the Mass ought to be a daily sacrifice of the New Testament. The adversaries have managed well if we permit ourselves to be overcome by allegories. It is evident, however, that allegories do not produce firm proofs [that in matters so highly important before God we must have a sure and clear word of God, and not introduce by force obscure and foreign passages; such uncertain explanations do not stand the test of God's judgment]. Although we indeed readily suffer the Mass to be understood as a daily sacrifice, provided that the entire Mass be understood, i.e., the ceremony with the preaching of the Gospel, faith, invocation, and thanksgiving. For these joined together are a daily sacrifice of the New Testament, because the ceremony was instituted on account of these things; neither is it to be separated from these. Paul says accordingly, 1 Co. 11:26: As often as ye eat this bread and drink this cup, ye do show the Lord's death till He come. But it in no way follows from this Levitical type that a ceremony justifying ex opere operato is necessary, or ought to be applied on behalf of others, that it may merit for them the remission of sins.
(AP XXIV:34-35)

The terms Mass and Liturgy are synonymous, and refer to the entire Ministry of the Church in the Divine Service
[78] The adversaries also refer us to philology. From the names of the Mass they derive arguments which do not require a long discussion. For even though the Mass be called a sacrifice, it does not follow that it must confer grace ex opere operato, or, when applied on behalf of others, merit for them the remission of sins, etc. [79] Leitourgiva, they say, signifies a sacrifice, and the Greeks call the Mass, liturgy. Why do they here omit the old appellation synaxis, which shows that the Mass was formerly the communion of many? But let us speak of the word liturgy. [80] This word does not properly signify a sacrifice, but rather the public ministry, and agrees aptly with our belief, namely, that one minister who consecrates tenders the body and blood of the Lord to the rest of the people, just as one minister who preaches tenders the Gospel to the people, as Paul says, 1 Co. 4:1: Let a man so account of us as of the ministers of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God, i.e., of the Gospel and the Sacraments. And 2 Co. 5:20: We are ambassadors for Christ, as [81] though God did beseech you by us; we pray you in Christ's stead, Be ye reconciled to God. Thus the term leitourgia agrees aptly with the ministry... [82] Paul in 2 Co. 9:12 employs it for a collection. The taking of the collection not only supplies those things which are wanting to the saints, but also causes them to give more thanks abundantly to God, etc. And in Phil. 2:25 he calls Epaphroditus a ((greek)), one who ministered to my wants, [83] where assuredly a sacrificer cannot be understood. But there is no need of more testimonies, since examples are everywhere obvious to those reading the Greek writers, in whom leitourgia is employed for public civil burdens or ministries...

[87] But let us omit these trifles. For it is ridiculous that the adversaries should produce such trifling conjectures concerning a matter of such great importance. For although the Mass is called an offering, in what does the term favor the dreams concerning the opus operatum, and the application which, they imagine, merits for others the remission of sins? And it can be called an offering for the reason that prayers, thanksgivings, and the entire worship are there offered, as it is also called a eucharist. But neither ceremonies nor prayers profit ex opere operato, without faith...

[Here you can see what rude asses our adversaries are. They say that the term missa is derived from the term misbeach, which signifies an altar; hence we are to conclude that the Mass is a sacrifice; for sacrifices are offered on an altar. Again, the word liturgia, by which the Greeks call the Mass, is also to denote a sacrifice. This claim we shall briefly answer. All the world sees that from such reasons this heathenish and antichristian error does not follow necessarily, that the Mass benefits ex opere operato sine bono motu utentis. Therefore they are asses, because in such a highly important matter they bring forward such silly things. Nor do the asses know any grammar. For missa and liturgia do not mean sacrifice. Missa, in Hebrew, denotes a joint contribution. For this may have been a custom among Christians, that they brought meat and drink for the benefit of the poor to their assemblies. This custom was derived from the Jews, who had to bring such contributions on their festivals; these they called missa. Likewise, liturgia, in Greek, really denotes an office in which a person ministers to the congregation. This is well applied to our teaching, because with us the priest, as a common servant of those who wish to commune, ministers to them the holy Sacrament.

Some think that missa is not derived from the Hebrew, but signifies as much as remissio, the forgiveness of sin. For, the communion being ended, the announcement used to be made: Ite, missa est: Depart, you have forgiveness of sins. They cite, as proof that this is so, the fact that the Greeks used to say: Lais Aphesis... which also means that they had been pardoned. If this were so, it would be an excellent meaning; for in connection with this ceremony forgiveness of sins must always be preached and proclaimed...]
(AP XXIV:78-83,88)

The above lengthy quotations from Luther and the Book of Concord are necessary to establish the fact that our Public Confession proclaims, not by accident, that the term liturgy

1. is not a reference to just any old method, but is equivalent to the Public Ministry and the functions of the Public Minister in the Divine Service;
2. cannot be separated from the Means of Grace:
   • cannot be separated from the proclamation of the Gospel;
   • cannot be separated from the Sacraments;
3. stands as our chief form of Public Confession in Practice.

Regarding this latter point, what is that is confessed? Chiefly, that the local congregation represents the True Church.

Church in the First Sense
The One True Church, or, the Church Universal, exists only by the faith of the Saints, and is therefore Invisible.
I’m going to review what I am certain JK already knows about the term Church, and what we Lutherans confess regarding this term. The Scriptures use this term in several different ways. The first sense is what we refer to as the Church Universal. This is the One True Church, the Communion of Saints, or the Community of Believers. It includes all Saints now living and who have ever lived, who by faith have been incorporated into the Body of Christ, and it excludes all those without faith. Only by fellowship in the Church Universal can one obtain salvation, and only by faith does one enter this One True Church. This sense of the Church is referred to in Eph. 1:22-23 & 5:23-27, 1 Cor. 3:16-17, Heb 12:23 and elsewhere. Because it exists by the faith of the Saints (Saints being “all true believers”), and because only God can see faith, the Church Universal is invisible to the eyes of man, and is often referred to as the Invisible Church.

The Church Universal in two categories
The Church Universal is spoken of in Scripture as a whole, as shown above, but it is also spoken of in parts. Two parts, to be precise. On the one hand, the true Church is recognized in terms of those who have died in the Faith, who, enduring in faith to the end, have gained the final Victory. These are the Saints now in heaven, awaiting the Resurrection, and, on the basis of Rev. 2:10 & 4:4, are referred to as the Church Triumphant. On the other hand, the true Church is also recognized in terms of those still living, clinging to faith in their battle against sin, death and the Devil, as the Church Militant. Scripture describes these struggles in Eph 6:10-11, 1 Jn. 5:4, Ro. 7:14-15, and elsewhere.

The One True Church: Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic
So the One True Church, the Church Universal, or the Communion of Saints, is referred to as the Invisible Church because it exists by the faith of the Saints, and is divided into the categories of (a) the Church Militant, and (b) the Church Triumphant. Heinrich Schmid, in his Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, describes it this way:

To the Church [Universal] belong all those who have the same faith and the same hope, however widely they may be separated one from another by space and time. The Church [Universal] embraces, therefore, not only those now living, but, as well, those who have died in the faith; and between both there is only this difference, that the latter have already reached the goal, the former are still striving after it (Church Triumphant and Church Militant, respectively). There is, therefore, only one such communion, because there is only one head to whom all are subject, and only one faith through which they can be saved. This communion we then call


holy because in it the Holy Ghost is operating, to sanctify it;
catholic, because, however widely the members of the Church are scattered, yet at all times and in all places the same faith is confessed;
apostolic, because its faith, resting upon that proclaimed by the apostles, has never, in the course of time, been changed.

Only those who belong to this communion are certain of their salvation, for the only way of salvation lies in the faith which is the faith of this communion. To this communion, moreover, the promise is given that it shall endure for all time, and it can never fall into error, because in the Word of God it possesses the eternal truth.

Schmid, H. (1889). The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (2nd ed. [C.A. Hay & H.E. Jacobs, Trans.]). Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society. (Original work published 1876). pg. 585 (pp. 598-599 in linked edition, above).

Church in the Second Sense

The True Visible church represents the Una Sancta

The local congregation, or the Visible church, being comprised of both true believers and hypocrites is not the One True Church properly speaking, but the Church Militant is among the Visible church.
In contrast to the One True Church – i.e., the Church Universal, the Communion of Saints, or the Invisible Church – a second sense in which we use the term Church is in reference to the visible organization of people called the local congregation. Sometimes people also mean the institutions of the Church on earth, to which local congregations are attached (like Synods). Either way, this is called the Visible church. The Visible church is not True Church, as both those with and without faith will be found in local congregations, but the Visible church will always strive to represent itself as a visible manifestation of the One True, Universal, or Invisible Church – holy, catholic, and apostolic.

Because of the presence of true believers in the Visible church, some refer to the Visible church as the Church Militant – but this is an error. The Church Militant is True Church, it is Invisible Church, being found only among those with faith. However, despite the presence of hypocrites in the Visible church (those without faith and on their way to hell, who yet feign trust in Christ by their public words and actions), the True Church, in the form of the Church Militant, is among the Visible church, and it is the mold of the Church Militant in which the Visible church seeks to cast herself – striving to hold on to the Truth, to maintain her orthodoxy.

Heinrich Schmid continues:

If, moreover, the members of this Communion are joined together by the like hope and the like faith, it is just as natural, as it is desired by God, that those who dwell together in the same place and at the same time, should combine in a closer, visible community; so that thus the one, universal Church should take the form of several particular churches (ecclesia universalis – particularis), and its actual existence be also externally recognized by such combination. It then becomes the duty of each such congregation to draw others also into the same saving fellowship with Christ, and for this end to employ the Means of Grace by which individuals can be gained. The particular church [or individual congregation] will then have to count all such as belonging to it, who unite themselves to it, though it be only by an outward profession... Concerning the particular church we cannot, however, assert so unconditionally, that it is a congregation of believers, i. e., of such as have received the saving grace offered to them; to it, therefore, the definition of the Church thus far given, viz., the Communion of Believers, does not apply, for in the midst of it there may be those who have not yet received the offered grace. While we count only those as belonging to the Church, as the Communion of Believers, whose treatment of the offered grace is what it should be, we must count as belonging to the particular church all those also who stand only in outward relation to and in connection with it. And thus we see ourselves driven to admit a twofold conception of the Church, viz.,

• the Church in the narrow sense, composed of only true believers [i.e., the Invisible Church], and
• the Church in the wider sense [i.e., the Visible church], a, by which we understand the congregation of those who have joined themselves together in the same confession in the use of the Sacraments (ecclesia stricte et late dicta)
.
We do not thereby assume two churches, antagonistic and standing alongside of each other; rather, the relation between them is this, that the Church in the narrower sense exists in the midst of the Church in the wider sense; but not so that the latter is numerically equal to the former, but that it contains, or at least may contain, members within itself whom we dare not count as belonging to the Church in the narrower sense.

Thus, every one will readily understand what individuals are to be counted as belonging to the Church in this wider sense, not, however, who of them belong to the Church in the narrower sense; and hence the distinction between the visible and invisible Church corresponds to that between the Church widely and narrowly considered. It becomes of the greatest importance, then, if these distinctions be made, not to transfer without ceremony the promises and predicates that are given to the Church in the narrower sense to the Church in the wider sense, which course might easily give occasion to false fear or to false hopes, and to self-deception. Concerning the latter it cannot be said, in the same sense, but only by synecdoche, that it is one, holy, catholic, and apostolic, or that it cannot fail or err; rather, from the fact that the call reaches many who do not accept it, it already is manifest, that individuals in it often fail and err, and it is quite as possible that the evil may preponderate in the Church as that the good should do so.

The Church (in the wider sense) is further called a true or a false one, not in consequence of there being a greater or smaller number of believers or unbelievers in it, but just in proportion as the doctrines of the Gospel are preached in it purely or impurely, and just in proportion as the Means by which we attain salvation are more or less purely and liberally administered in it. The pure preaching of the divine Word, and the proper administration of the Sacraments are, therefore, the works by which we may recognize the Church as a true one.

Schmid, H. (1889). The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (2nd ed. [C.A. Hay & H.E. Jacobs, Trans.]). Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society. (Original work published 1876). pp. 585-587 (pp. 599-600 in linked edition, above).

Practice marks the true Church as it exists among the Visible church: The Marks of the Church – Pure Doctrine preached, Pure Sacrament administered liberally
Minimalistic preaching of doctrine and administration of the Sacraments does not rise to the thresholds of purity and liberality (liberal in this context meaning, “often and/or in great amounts”). When a congregation is fully capable of offering the Lord’s Supper more frequently in the context of the Divine Service, but instead chooses to do so less frequently, both the liberality and the purity of its administration is negatively impacted – it’s liberality in the act of arbitrarily withholding it, and its purity in the consequent act of holding up something else, or nothing at all, as a satisfactory substitute. When the direct preaching of Scripture doctrine is supplanted by the preaching of object lessons, is riddled with homiletic comedy, or is reduced to conjecture, when the preaching of Law and Gospel gives way to preaching the third use of the Law, when preaching Sanctification overshadows the preaching of Justification, the purity of preaching is negatively impacted. Thus the Marks are judged obscured, and on this basis, the connection of the local congregation to the One True Church – that is, the connection of the Visible church to the Invisible Church – is judged less clear.

These comprise but a very short list demonstrating the result of giving in to the perspectives the Church Growth Movement (CGM), which direct the congregation to be “Real, Relevant, and Relational” – for the sake of the unchurched, no less! – because the pure doctrines of the Gospel, themselves, through the work of the Holy Spirit, and His work through the administration of the Sacraments, are somehow not as Real, not as Relevant, and not as Relational as man, through his own innovative augmentation, can make them. In giving in to CGM mandates, the congregation is seeking to answer one question modern folks are thought to have, “How does this apply to me?”; but by corrupting the Marks of the Church to do so, the congregation utterly fails to show her qualifications to authoritatively answer the question to begin with. When the perspectives of CGM are carried into practice, the Marks of the Church fall under attack, our understanding of, and identification with, the One True Church is weakened, and the confession we give to this truth in our practice is vacated. This is quite serious in and of itself, but does not even address the gravity of withholding the only operative Means from those who desperately need them. Christians looking for the One True Church will rightly pass by such congregations.

The Marks and More: Christians in a state of Confession, Lutherans mutually agree to further restrictions in practice
True Lutherans, while united in Confessional stance, also vigorously stand distinct and separate from the heterodox, and prove this separation by putting their Confession fully into practice. Lutherans are orthodox, and so, regarding the Church, reject the notion that membership in the congregation (the particular Church, or Church in the wider sense, as Schmid puts it above) is equivalent to fellowship in the One True Church. Our participation in this Invisible, though very Real, Relevant, and by definition, Relational Fellowship, is by Faith Alone. Thus we stand separate from the Romans who equate the Visible church with the Church Militant, and who attach the necessity of works to man’s Justification. Thus we also reject the practical trappings associated with these false teachings, such as the sale of indulgences and the sacrificial (rather than sacramental) Eucharist, and have ourselves corrected various corruptions of the Western Rite that were introduced by Rome to reinforce and give expression to these false teachings. Lutherans are Evangelical, and so the preaching of the Word was made to predominate the Divine Service rather than Holy Communion, as was the sacramental aspects of our worship (God coming to us through Word and Sacrament) over the sacrificial (man offering before God his sacrifices of praise, thanks, adoration, intercession and petition). As a vehicle for the public use of the Means of Grace, the liturgy was made synonymous with the Public Ministry and the function of the pastor. The liturgy is principally God’s service to man, through the Means of Grace; and the liturgy defines the “method” used by His Called servant, the man who occupies the Office of this Ministry.

Despite our separation from Rome, however, we forcefully reject the notion that we are sectarian, and also reject those practices that are of sectarian signature. Rather, like the Romans, we Lutherans share the confession in Nicene Creed that we are both catholic and apostolic, and show forth these elements of our Confession by retaining the catholic Rites. Thus, the use of the Historic Liturgy (i.e., the Western Rite), rather than any old liturgy someone just makes up – also known as disposable liturgies. Apart from historic rites and hymnody, it is impossible to show forth our catholicity and apostolicity.

Historical and liturgical worship is retained and embraced by Confessional Lutherans because of our Confession regarding the Church and her Ministry. It effectively, and thankfully, separates us from sectarians and other innovators, by maintaining the catholicity and apostolicity of our Public Confession, and the dramatic liturgical reforms introduced during the Reformation (which were reforms, not “changes”) returned the liturgy to the status of evangelical and orthodox practice, and thus also those elements of our Public Confession. The Lutheran Church, on the basis of her Confession and confessional Practice, is the True Visible Church of God on Earth.

Just a Nice Theory?
So, I’ve just let loose with copious quotations from the Lutheran Confessions and reliable sources of Lutheran Doctrine, and followed them with a chain of explanation making it perfectly plain why, from the standpoint of Confessional integrity, the Historical Liturgy must remain the public practice of Lutheran congregations. I have not directly broached the important issues of positive Fellowship (expressions of Confessional Unity with other congregations who publicly declare the same confession we do), nor of the operative liturgical principle of lex orandi, lex credendi and the impact of teaching false doctrine through anthropocentric, or other poorly informed practice. The many discussions on these and related issues on Bailing Water through the latter half of 2008 and early 2009 covered these issues exhaustively. For a review, I think a good post to reference was my response to Ben, initially posted here. Otherwise, Click Here for a more exhaustive list of discussions I was involved in.

Nevertheless, the prime question on the mind of a sold-out CGM’er is, “Uhhh... okay. Well, um, does it, you know, like... WORK?” My answer: Yes – it succeeds very well in confessing what it was designed to. Here’s a bit of anecdotal evidence to back it up.

History? Reading? Doctrine? Confession? The Church? Hunh??? Ya but, uh, does it WORK?

The Church and Change
I know from experience that life among pop-church Evangelicals is a life of change. Of constant change. Every new “spiritual fad” that comes along is enthusiastically embraced, adopted and put into practice; and what came before is unceremoniously rejected, eliminated and forgotten.

“Society changes,” they say, “so we must change!”
“It’s all about meeting people where they are at!”

Not only practice, but words change as well. Catch phrases change, everything is expressed in the vernacular of “now.” Old expressions give way to new. Nothing is constant. The result is continuous turnover, not only of practice, but of the ideas that undergird those practices – and as the words that express those ideas change, so does the teaching that accompanies them. As the practices change, so does the teaching. Nothing older than, say, five years old is remembered, and even then “way back when” is a humorous pejorative for what passed by the wayside a couple years before. Christians of previous generation(s) are laughed at as “throwbacks,” cast as those having a “deficient understanding of the Scriptures,” who, at best, may have some interesting insight from time to time, but only in some archaic sense which needs correction or illumination by “contemporary, and therefore more sophisticated and more relevant, thinking.” There is no sense among them that true Christians existed at any time of history, other than the Apostolic era, and Christian history for them ends five years ago, because that is as far back as their changing practices and expressions reach.

However, once a pop-church Evangelical actually begins to read, the a-historical intellectual poverty, doctrinal vacuity, and outright chicanery of modern CGM-infected American Christianity is exposed.

Enter Knowledge of the Past, and Tears of Joy
There are only two times that I can recall shedding tears, as an adult, over spiritual matters. The first was upon discovering and reading Heinrich Schmid’s Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Leading up to this, though I had a conservative Evangelical upbringing – that was never too far from the conservative Lutheranism my parents were raised in – as a college student I nevertheless wandered as an essentially nominal Christian. Nothing new here. After a long period of experimentation with different ideas (a long story), I eventually resolved that Christianity was true, and being true was of significant consequence. I wound up with the pop-church Evangelicals in college – who were overtly and publicly Christian, in confession and works. There were no Lutherans that I could discern, though I later discovered that there was an active WELS Campus Ministry program there. Interestingly, most of the individual Christians I met among the pop-Church Evangelicals, who brought me back to the Christian faith through their own empassioned and convincing explanation and living out of it, were either LCMS, ELS, or CLC – as I discovered long after the fact. There were Pentecostals, as well – but they were mostly just weird. Moreover, as I also discovered long after the fact, this campus, having a nationally acclaimed School of Agriculture, has a student body with a religious representation that is in the neighborhood of 10% WELS.

I formally introduced myself to my future wife at a Bill Gothard Seminar – having recognized her from my family’s home church. I was a graduate student then, and she was just entering college, as I recall. Shame on me? -- Well, let’s just say that by then, I knew what I was looking for, and she was it. Her family had a similar church experience to ours, and that was of primary concern to me. A couple years later, we started seeing each other under the guidance and wisdom of our parents – a two-year courtship arrangement which we had elected to follow. During this time we desired to grow together in our relationship, and we sought to do this by growing closer in our relationships with God, together. For us, this meant studying the Bible together, worshiping together, praying together, etc. Throughout this period we came to recognize very clearly that the Visible church was rife with mutually-exclusive truth-claims regarding the doctrines of Scripture, so we decided on a close study of the Bible with respect to denominational differences on disputed points. In the end, we didn't care what we called ourselves, we just wanted to believe what the Bible taught and to join with Christians who believed the same thing. Given our backgrounds, we were familiar with many claims of various groups – Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Baptist, Lutheran, etc. By comparing those claims to Scripture, it didn't take long before what we understood as Lutheran doctrine emerged as the true champion of Scripture teaching.

The Impact of Heinrich Schmid, and the Historical Teaching of the Evangelical Lutheran Church
It was about this time that I discovered Heinrich Schmid’s work, Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, in the basement of an old used bookstore in Minneapolis that I would visit on my lunchbreaks (I didn’t have enough money to buy food in those days – not after spending money on books, anyway...). I found the title of this work striking. I hadn’t realized that there was such a thing as “evangelical” Lutherans. To me, the two words simply did not go together. I’d never met a Lutheran who struck me as “evangelical” in the slightest. More amazing to me was the fact that these particular evangelicals had actually worked out a theology! Amazing!, I thought. Considering it a real prize, I bought that book on the spot (overpriced though it was...), though saddened to think that these “evangelical” Lutherans had since long disappeared. I wondered what nuggets of theological perspective I could glean from this old book about the teaching of extinct Christians.

When I brought the book home and began to read, I was brought to tears. After years of struggling to develop my own personal theology from my own diligent study of Scripture (which at one point I had to admit was more philosophy than theology, forcing me to start over), I discovered that the Evangelical Lutherans had worked out a very rigorous theological system that descended directly from the very words of Scripture. It was not passed through philosophical preconceptions in order to reach reasonable conclusions, but concluded only what the Scriptures stated directly. It was exceptionally well articulated, solving many of the problems I had struggled with – original sin and the nature of man, traducianism, the essence and attributes of God, the union of the two natures in Christ, the nature of the Church and its relation to other earthly institutions, etc. The inklings I had developed on my own regarding the tough doctrines of Scripture had been fully worked out by Christians who had gone before me – not five years ago, but five centuries ago. And the more I studied the more I learned that they relied heavily on the orthodox teachers that had preceded them, as well, going back to the apostles. I wept because I knew that the burden of trying to understand and articulate the true teaching of the Scriptures had been lifted – it had always been known, and for the most part, been well articulated. I just needed to hold on it, and confess it. I was no longer alone in a sea of irrelevant “relevancy,” trying to find my way in a doctrinal fog. I wanted to be a Lutheran, to find what was left of these “old evangelicals,” and join them.

I shared the book with my then (still) future wife. I’m not sure that she found Schmid quite as compelling – romantic, even – that I did. But she agreed. By the time I proposed (a few months later), we both knew that we wanted to be Lutheran, and six months later when we were married, I gave away copies of Schmid to my groomsmen. Our challenge throughout this time was to find a Lutheran church that believed its own doctrinal claims, and which preached from the Scriptures. That search lasted through our fourth Sunday as a married couple, which was the first Sunday we visited a WELS church.

The Impact of the Historical Liturgy
This was the second occasion that I can recall shedding tears, as an adult, over spiritual matters. We trembled as we walked into the WELS congregation. We had read their This We Believe. We were unnerved with the use of the word “reject” in the antithesis section, thinking that this carried over into their treatment of visitors. It took ten seconds, however, to realize that they were really nice folks – as nice as the Lutherans featured in the stories of Lake Wobegone, only more intelligent, and more intentional about what they believed and how they expressed it.

We had a few litmus tests. Preaching needed to stick to the text. It needed to include elements of doctrinal teaching, and evidence of exegetical effort (he needed to explain Hebrew/Greek words and concepts and how they applied to the meaning of the text). Equally important, the Order of Service needed to keep us focused on the Object of worship, not on us. That meant no attempt to use music or other devices to manipulate our emotional state. We were hoping for liturgy and hymns, but didn’t quite know what that meant other than, “a conservative and dignified order of service,” as opposed to what the pop-church evangelicals were dishing up every Sunday morning.

Our criteria were met. The text was Psalm 51 – the perfect Law & Gospel text if there ever was one, and the pastor not only clung to the text for dear life, he fired straight Law & Gospel from it like a machine gun, supplying a bit of doctrinal instruction along the way, explaining the difference between sin, iniquity, and trespass, and providing a brief etymology of those words as they are used in the text. We were delighted! But of course, this was icing on the cake, for we had already fallen in love with the congregation on the basis of their liturgical worship.

At first, we were impressed with the formality. People behave formally when in the presence of someone important, and we understood the presence revered by such formality to be that of Christ Himself – the King of kings. It wasn’t hard to conclude this, as all of the language uttered by the Pastor or chanted by the congregation was focused on Christ, either speaking to Him, or about what He had done for them. It was clear to us that this congregation fully believed that Christ was with them through the Service, and that on account of this fact, they were eager to behave accordingly.

The tears flowed, however, with the singing of the Psalm – Psalm 51. Not the words, but the form: Plainsong. We immediately recognized it as an ancient form, and were just as immediately united with the ancient Christians in worship – believing the same doctrines they did, we were singing the same songs they did, the same way they did. Expressing catholicity and apostolicity for the first time, we were unable to remain composed enough to complete the Psalm with the congregation. Up to that point, for us, everything had been fad and fashion, with no history older than five years, no true Christians existed other than those with us today. At that point, we understood that we were one in faith with all true Christians who had gone before us, who sacrificed dearly to maintain pure teaching through the ages and to express it in the Church’s practice. We joined that congregation.

Not just us...
We weren’t the only ones moved by the historic teachings and liturgy of Lutheranism. Serving in that congregation from that point forward for nearly a decade, as Chairman of the Board’s of Education and then Evangelism, in that time the numerous people that joined were almost all by profession of faith, either new Christians or former evangelicals -- and the significance of our worship practice was no small factor. In a discussion with one, now former pop-church evangelical, family, the husband joked, saying, “If you would have told me two years ago that (a) I would be regularly participating in liturgical worship, and (b) enjoying it, I would have laughed in your face. Today, I couldn’t imagine anything else. This is heaven.” Likewise, a conversation with a visiting family revealed that they were keenly interested in joining our congregation, having found us after a long search for a Lutheran church that preached and practiced historical doctrines and liturgy. In another case, after numerous failed attempts to get our services on the local radio station over the years, I finally called the station myself to inquire about the cost of purchasing a time slot on Sunday morning. The response was initially cool. Upon followup two weeks later the response was an enthusiastic, “Yes!” Why the difference? In the interim, the owner of the station visited our congregation to see what would be aired from their station. When I followed-up, it was explained to me that their enthusiasm stemmed from the worship experience and sound preaching: “You are real Church,” I was told. They had no time for pop-church, equating it with Sunday morning entertainment: "We can do better than that," they said, "We air the Packer game every Sunday." We were given the best time slot on Sunday morning, just before the Packer games, and members of that individual’s family have since joined that congregation.

These are only a few examples, and I could go on; but this is sufficient. Practice confesses, and this is no mere theory -- and what Historic Liturgical Lutheran Practice confesses, is quite compelling. By comparison, what faddish sectarian practices confess is neither transcendent nor permanent nor profound nor, in the end, spiritually satisfying, leading us to ourselves and our own fancies, instead of to Christ and His Church.

 

 

The Dire Need for Reformation in the Modern Church: The New 95 Theses for Reformation Day

In an admitted lack of creativity, I have absconded with someone else's entire blog post, below. It was posted on the Reformation Day 2008 blog entry of Chris Rosebrough's Extreme Theology. I'm even embedding his Fighting for the Faith interview on these New Theses with Rev. Bill Cwirla (LCMS). Like them, I'll play the role of the Gutenberg Press operator, reprinting these Theses, and of the literate peasant who had read the original 95 Theses, passing along these issues for consideration and discussion. When I read these "New Theses" last year, I thought they capsulized today's issues in greater Christianity quite well -- particularly as these issues continue to besiege us Confessional Lutherans.

As Rev. Cwirla reads from the "New Theses," below, Cancer and crabgrass both grow rapidly, as does the church without the Gospel. To cut out the cancer, we must first identify it -- and to do so we must maintain regular study of the Scriptures and the Confessions. But once identified, we must still muster the courage to actually use the knife, no matter how much we think we may miss the diseased flesh once it is discarded -- and we will never have such courage apart from the Holy Spirit's work through Word and Sacrament. As joyful as the positive aspect of Fellowship is (that is, unity in doctrine and practice), the negative aspect of Fellowship (or, the rejection of and separation from falshood and false teachers) should be equally joyful.

---

The New 95 Theses
In honor of Reformation Day and due to the present crisis in American Christianity I am passing along the New 95 Theses. These theses are for discussion and debate.

Along with these New 95 I'm posting my radio interview with the Rev. William Cwirla and our discussion on these new theses.



If you'd like to download a pdf version of The New 95 Theses then click here

Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, the public bulletin board of his day. In like manner, we, Athanasius and Chrysostom, post these 95 theses on the door of the internet. Like the original theses, these are debatable, for we believe that it is through vigorous debate that the spirits are tested and truth is revealed.

In publishing these theses, we do not intend to foment division, but to expose those who are creating division within the body of Christ. We are not addressing any particular church body or person, but invite all who love the Gospel of Jesus Christ to engage in this debate. We do so in the spirit of the great Reformer, Martin Luther, as we implore the mercies of God upon His Church, for the sake of Jesus Christ, the Lord of the Church and Bishop of our souls.

1. When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said “Repent,” He willed that the whole life of believers should be one of repentance.

2. To “repent” means to be contrite for one’s sins and to trust Jesus Christ and solely in His completed work for one’s forgiveness, life, and salvation.

3. Those who describe the Christian life as purpose-driven deny true repentance, confuse the Law and the Gospel, and obscure the merits of Christ.

4. Impious and wicked are the methods of those who substitute self-help and pop-psychology for the Gospel in the name of relevance.

5. This impious disregard for the Gospel wickedly transforms sacred Scripture into a guidebook for living, a pharisaic sourcebook of principles, and sows tares among the wheat.

6. Relevance, self-help and pop-psychology have no power to work true contrition over sins and faith in Jesus Christ.

7. Like clouds without rain, purpose-driven preachers withhold the proclamation of the forgiveness of sins won by Christ on the cross and enslave men’s consciences to the law which they cleverly disguise as so-called 'Biblical Principles'.

8. By teaching tips for attaining perfect health, debt-free wealth, and better sex in marriage, the purveyors of relevance undermine true fear, love and trust in our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.

9. They are enemies of Christ, who distort the Word of God by tearing verses from their original context in order to use them as proof texts for their self-help, pop-psychology agendas.

10. Injury is done the Word of God when it is used as a source book for practical, relevant “life applications.”

11. In the name of relevance, our Lord Jesus Christ is reduced to a life-coach whose “gospel” assists and motivates people to achieve the objectives of their self-centered delusions of grandeur.

12. Apart from the Holy Spirit, the seeker cannot understand the things of God for these are “spiritually discerned” (1 Cor. 2:14).

13. The natural man does not naturally seek the Gospel. “I was found by those who did not seek me; I revealed myself to those who did not ask for me” (Is. 65:1)

14. The true Seeker of men’s souls is our Lord Jesus Christ who came to seek and to save the lost by His death on the cross (Lk. 19:10).

15. The truly “seeker-sensitive” church proclaims God’s wrath against our sin and His mercy for Jesus’ sake.

16. The preaching of Christ crucified is a stumbling block to purpose-driven pragmatists and foolishness to church growth consultants.

17. The true gold of the Church is the Most Holy Gospel of the glory and the grace of God.

18. But this treasure is a stench in the nostrils of fallen and sinful men because it exposes man’s complete lack of ability to save himself by his own religious efforts.

19. On the other hand, the fool’s gold of self-help is preferred by sinful men, for it creates the illusion of moral progress and a life that is pleasing to God apart from repentance.

20. The gold of the Gospel is the net by which Christ would make us fishers of men.

21. The fool’s gold of self-help is a snare by which purpose-driven purveyors of relevance attempt to capture the riches and approval of men.

22. The church is holy sheep who hear the voice of their Shepherd.

23. How can sheep hear the voice of their Shepherd when false shepherds preach self-help and pop-psychology?

24. Purveyors of purpose-driven relevance are not shepherds of men’s souls but wolves in sheep’s clothing.

25. Purveyors of relevance claim that self-help, life-applications and biblical principles are the means to reach the unchurched because they meet people’s felt needs.

26. Yet a person’s greatest need is one he does not by nature feel, namely the need for the righteousness that comes from God through faith in Jesus Christ.

27. The true means by which fallen sinners are reached is the preaching of Christ and His sacraments. (Ro. 10:17)

28. The true need that mankind is seeking but does not know is justification by grace through faith for Christ’s sake.

29. Since justification is through faith and not through works, natural man neither seeks it nor desires it.

30. Therefore, the teaching of justification by grace through faith is neither seeker-sensitive nor relevant to a world that naturally seeks self-justification.

31. To be in the church is to be union with Christ through faith.

32. Regardless of the number of people in attendance, the church does not grow unless men are granted repentance and faith by God through the action of His Word.

33. Scripture clearly teaches that the means by which God grants faith are the the hearing of the Word of Christ (the Gospel) and the water of Holy Baptism.

34.Therefore, even if a congregation, through their own marketing methods and business prowess were able to draw 100,000 people every Sunday, if the Gospel is not heard and the sacraments are not administered according to the Gospel there is no church and the true Church of Jesus Christ has not grown by a single soul.

35. If numerical growth is a measure of God’s approval, then we must conclude that God approves of Islam and the Mormons.

36. If financial success is a measure of God’s approval, then we must conclude that God approves of pornography and gambling.

37. Cancer and crabgrass both grow rapidly, as does the church that obscures the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

38. The purveying of purpose-driven relevance is the theology of glory; the preaching of Christ crucified for sinners is the theology of the cross.

39. The theologian of glory says that the kingdom of God is visible now in buildings, people, and dollars; the theologian of the cross says that the kingdom of God is an article of faith.

40. The theologian of glory asks “How much?” and “How many?”; the theologian of the cross preaches Christ regardless of how much or how many.

41. The theologian of glory prepares people to receive health, wealth, and happiness; the theologian of the cross prepares people to suffer and die in faith.

42. The theologian of glory preaches that God wants to grant you favors; the theologian of the cross preaches the favor of God for the sake of Christ crucified.

43. The theologian of glory proclaims 40 days of purpose; the theologian of the cross preaches daily dying and rising in Jesus.

44. God established the Church to be a “mouth house” of forgiveness not a madhouse of activity.

45. Christ wills that His voice be heard in His Church and not the voice of man when He says, “He who hears you, hears me.” (Lk. 10:16)

46. Purveyors of purpose-driven relevance obscure the voice of Christ and so draw the sheep away from the Good Shepherd.

47. Christ saves from sin and death not through the motivation of the sinner to do good, but through baptismal death and resurrection.

48. The mission of the church is not to transform the world but to disciple the nations by baptizing and teaching (Mt. 28:19-20).

49. Anyone who preaches a vision and demands allegiance to it sets up a new papacy among the churches.

50. A synod or church body is a human institution that exists by the will and consent of its member congregations and pastors.

51. A synod or church body is not merely an affiliation of churches that agree on a common purpose.

52. A synod or church body is not the Church, properly speaking, but a fellowship of churches sharing a common confession of faith and practice.

53. Synods are not of the church’s essence (esse) but for her well being (bene esse).

54. Synodical leaders are not lords over the churches, but servants of the churches and stewards of their common possessions.

55. Synodical leaders are not called to promulgate visions but to execute the collective will of the synod’s churches.

56. The old papacy arrogated the Church’s treasury of merits; the new papacy arrogates the Church’s treasury.

57. The old papacy said, “As the coin in the coffer clings, so the soul from purgatory springs.”

58. The new papacy says, “As the coin in the church coffer clings, so another program out of debt springs.”

59. The old papacy counted plenary indulgences; the new papacy counts money and people.

60. The old papacy suppressed the Gospel through canon law; the new papacy suppresses the Gospel through constitutions and by-laws.

61. The old papacy was a friend of Caesar; the new papacy is a friend of Mammon.

62. The old papacy bound a man’s conscience for the sake his wallet; the new papacy binds a man’s wallet for the sake of his conscience.

63. The old papacy promulgated infallible dogma; the new papacy promulgates undebatable visions.

64. The old papacy claims to sit on the seat of Peter; the new papacy claims to sit on the mandate of the majority.

65. The old papacy reserved the right to judge doctrine and practice; the new papacy judges doctrine and practice by commissions and committees.

66. The old papacy issued “bulls;” the new papacy issues task force reports.

67. The old papacy had a college of cardinals; the new papacy has high-priced consultants.

68. Just as popes and councils have erred in the past, so synodical leaders and synodical conventions err in the present.

69. A synod that is concerned for the true unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace does not excuse unionism and syncretism.

70. Unity in doctrine and practice means discernible interchangeability in teaching, preaching, and practice.

71. Unity in doctrine and practice does not consist in signing confessional statements, but in word and deed.

72. Worship is doctrine put into practice.

73. As one worships, so one believes.

74. As one believes, so one worships.

75. Christian worship consists in God’s service to us through His giving and our receiving in faith the gifts of Christ’s Word, Body, and Blood, and our service to God by our prayer, praise, and thanksgiving.

76. Worship that is focused principles for Christian living obscures the Gospel of Jesus Christ and His gifts and is detrimental to faith and salvation.

77. While Christian liberty allows that worship forms need not be altogether the same in every time and place, unity in faith and practice requires that worship forms must not be altogether different in every time and place.

78. Worship forms serve as identifying banners in the confessional field of battle.

79. Peculiar and novel worship forms obscure the unity of the churches and extol the creativity of the worship leaders.

80. In matters neither commanded nor forbidden in the Word of God (adiaphora), the churches of God are free to change ceremonies according to circumstances, as may be most beneficial and edifying to the churches of God. (Epitome, Art X.4)

81. Such changes must avoid all frivolity and offenses, particularly with regard to those who are weak in faith (Epitome, Art X.5).

82. Where the Gospel is at stake, concessions in ceremony must not be made so as to suggest unity with those who deny the Gospel (Epitome, Art X.6)

83. Therefore, it is contrary to the doctrine of adiaphora to hide the substance of Lutheran doctrine behind a non-Lutheran style of worship.

84. To create and sustain saving faith, God established the office of the holy ministry in the church to preach the Gospel and administer the sacraments according to our Lord’s institution.

85. No one may publicly preach, teach, or administer the sacraments in the churches without his being called and ordained.

86. Those who introduce novelties into the church are the true agents of division.

87. The ordination of women is a novelty that has caused great division in the church.

88. The introduction of worship forms not held in common by the churches is a cause of division and a stumbling block.

89. The church belongs to no man but to Jesus Christ, the incarnate Son of God, and Lord of the church.

90. Woe to the false prophets who cry, “Unity, unity” when there is no unity.

91. Again, woe to those who say, “Peace, peace,” when there is no peace.

92. Again, woe to those who say, “Gospel, gospel,” when there is no Gospel.

93. Blessed are those who say, “Cross, cross,” when there is no cross.

94. Christians are to be exhorted that they be diligent in following Christ, their Head, through all suffering, death, and hell;

95. And thus be confident of entering into heaven through many trials and tribulations, rather than through the assurance of outward peace, unity, and happiness.

 

New from CPH: Completely Reproducible Choir Music

http://www.cph.org/cphstore/product.asp?part_no=977348&promo=WEB&CMID=1187 Composer: Schalk, Carl Instrumentation: various: organ and instruments Occasion: Church Year Product Description: 41 reproducible choral anthems for various vocal forces are included in this collection, released in honor of Carl Schalk's 80th birthday. A data CD containing PDF files of all of the music is also included.

This just landed in my mail box, with the subject line Completely Reproducible Choral Music. That is fantastic! Frankly, the fixation of CGM on copyright protected materials, and the threats of lawsuits from religious publishers resulting from use of these materials, represent a stifling and costly burden on regular congregations -- you know, the congregations without the thousands of dollars a year to spend on "OneLicense.net," for millions of songs they will never use (or, should never use...), or without the desire to permanently maintain a usage database so that they can report to copyright holders and pay, pay, pay. Of course they need to be mega-churches! How can simple congregations otherwise make use of broadcast technology, like the internet, without the resources of a mega-church?

Church isn't supposed to be a get-rich scheme, but religious publishers sure seem to create this opportunity, not only with the imposition of onerous copyright restrictions to extract revenue from congregations, partly for themselves and partly to provide residual income for composers-and-performers-for-hire, but also by creating markets for necessary copyright management software and services, to directly assist congregations in tracking usage and managing compliance issues, and in this way also by providing an avenue of directly marketing "contemporary worship" materials to congregations that would be otherwise inaccessible. The "Contemporary Worship" scene is a real racket, and CGM proponents are pushing it. I wonder if one could trace the financial stake of individuals and organizations pushing CGM to see who profits by it, and in what way? That would make for some interesting financial sleuthing -- you know, who owns, or owned, interest in what CGM services organizations when, how various financial connections may have been coincident with various CGM fads, and what financial benefit was derived. Hey, there might even be a book in it!

Lutherans in America really need more Public Domain worship materials. The publication of this collection is a wonderful step in the right direction, and provides an excellent example to other publishers. Thank you, Carl Schalk and CPH. Now, can hymnal publishers please work on opening up copyright restrictions (performance, archival, rebroadcast, etc.) on music in Hymnals, too -- for congregations that use the hymnals in the way that they were intended to be used, i.e., in the context of the Divine Service? I know, I know -- that would probably mean eliminating a lot of the new "Lutheranized" contemporary worship songs from new Hymnals that are composed by ASCAP, BMI, or SESAC artists, but it would go a long way toward altering today's repugnant reality: the Divine Service is functioning as someone's marketplace. Artists who serve the church ought to be working under her direct commission anyway, IMHO (i.e., specific artistic needs identified by the church, and specific artists with specific qualifications being chosen by the church to fill those artistic needs under the church's supervision...). It would also strike a blow for Christian Freedom, would it not? After all, there is freedom in the Public Domain... Until then, I think that the TLH is a wonderful, mostly Public Domain, alternative to the new hymnals.

 

Psalmen Davids ...und dem Te Deum Laudamus

As many of you may be aware, my family enjoys and seeks out the uplifting influence of the Fine Arts for their highly cultivated ability to carry and effectively communicate weighty themes. Musically, this means that we favor what is referred to as “Classical Music.”

Four weeks ago, I featured a collection from our favorite choir: Dresdner Keuzchor: Legendary recordings. Most of the recordings in that collection are Sacred choral works from the Late Renaissance and Early Baroque periods, by Lutheran composers like Heinrich Schütz, Johann Schein, Samuel Scheidt, Johann Sebastian Bach and even Martin Luther. More importantly, seven of the ten disks in this collection were filled with recordings of music that was composed for use in the context of Lutheran Worship, and were recorded by a choir that regularly sings them in the context of worship. I also posted definitions of the various periods in Classical Music. If you are unfamiliar with these periods, a review may be helpful. Last week, I featured a collection from one of those composers, the Psalmen Davids, by Heinrich Schütz.

This week, I am again returning to one of the composers featured in that initial collection: Johann Hermann Schein.

The second of "the three great S'es" of the German Baroque that I have introduced in past weeks, Schein, like his contemporary, Heinrich Schütz, was a prolific and influential composer of liturgical music for the Lutheran Church. Schein is considered to be the more polished composer of the three. His published sacred works number on the order of 400, including an entire hymnal in 1627, titled Cantional. This hymnal was unique in that it arranged its approximately 200 hymns in four-part harmony, with the soprano part carrying the melody -- following what had apparently become standard Lutheran worship practice. This is the way most hymnbooks are arranged today, even though congregations don't sing in parts anymore.

Like Johann Sebastion Bach who followed him almost a century later, Schein was Cantor at St. Thomas in Leipzig. Also like Bach -- yet, unlike Schütz -- Schein did not write exclusively for the Church in Germany. He also wrote secular music for social gatherings. Unlike modern composers, who seem to prefer minimizing or eliminating any distinction between secular and sacred composition, the distinction between Schein's sacred and secular compositions has been described as stark. Composed to carry the meaning of Biblical texts and the Church's theology, his sacred compositions were nuanced and refined. In contrast, the comparatively banal nature of secularity required compositions reflective only of tedious simplicity. It was only entertainment, after all, not Divine Worship -- and like most entertainment, it generally only functioned as background for other activities which were the true object of the gathering (like dancing). Though Schein's secular compositions varied in their degrees of "simplicity" (from simple drinking songs to revolutionary orchestral pieces for high-society), the contrast generally found between his secular and sacred compositions are reflective of a very potent fact: as such compositions are written to carry meaning of an entirely and profoundly different nature, one should expect them to sound much different.

In my opinion, today's composers of Church music would do well to observe the distinctions generally found in Schein's body of work, as well. Church music that merely duplicates the pervasive background noise that accompanies us everywhere we go (like the car, the airplane, the subway station, the home, the workplace, the department store, the grocery store, the restaurant, the elevator ...everywhere), is simply not distinguished enough to meaningfully carry the weight of Scripture teaching and the distinctiveness of our Lutheran Confession (although, for aconfessional churches of weak theology, it may be just fine...).

The collection pictured above, entitled Psalmen Davids, is a short collection of some of Johann Schein's settings of the Psalms (Pss. 150, 39, 128, 103, 33, 13, 98, 20, 116, and 23), various motets, and a setting of the Te Deum, all composed for occasions, such as weddings, funerals, and the like. It is conducted by Roland Wilson, an expert in early Baroque music, and is performed by La Capella Ducale and Musica Fiata Köln, which specialize in the techniques and instrumentation of the early Baroque repertoire. This is very clear recording of some of Schein's highly polished Lutheran compositions.

 

Der Herr sprach zu meinem Herren...

As many of you may be aware, my family enjoys and seeks out the uplifting influence of the Fine Arts for their highly cultivated ability to carry and effectively communicate weighty themes. Musically, this means that we favor what is referred to as “Classical Music.”

Three weeks ago, I featured a collection from our favorite choir: Dresdner Keuzchor: Legendary recordings. Most of the recordings in that collection are Sacred choral works from the Late Renaissance and Early Baroque periods, by Lutheran composers like Heinrich Schütz, Johann Schein, Samuel Scheidt, Johann Sebastian Bach and even Martin Luther. More importantly, seven of the ten disks in this collection were filled with recordings of music that was composed for use in the context of Lutheran Worship, and were recorded by a choir that regularly sings them in the context of worship. I also posted definitions of the various periods in Classical Music. If you are unfamiliar with these periods, a review may be helpful.

Anyway, this week, I am returning to one of the composers featured in that collection: Heinrich Schütz.

Heinrich Schütz was a very important early-Baroque composer, and is considered to be the greatest German composer second to Johann Sebastian Bach. But I'll bet you have never heard of him. How can it be that a composer of such stature – second in line to Bach, and one whom Bach himself looked to for inspiration – is generally unknown? Why is it that the average American is denied popular access to his works, not to mention his name, either on the radio or in the schools – or at the local music store! – and is instead left to stumble upon this compositional goldmine on his own?

As he quickly became (and has remained) our favorite composer, Mrs. Finkelstein and I wondered about this when we stumbled upon him shortly after our wedding; having also just become bona fide Lutherans, we were searching for wholesome Lutheran music with which to fill our minds and our home. The answer: Heinrich Schütz composed almost exclusively for the Lutheran Church in Germany (and Denmark) during the Lutheran Age of Orthodoxy. Except for a single collection of Renaissance madrigals, nothing of his can be played or discussed without also confronting the listener with overt Christianity. So paranoid and suspicious of Christianity has society become, that even the influential high-art of Christians from the pinnacle of Western Civilization is censured. If it were not for the "super-novas" of the Fine Arts, who simply cannot be ignored – i.e., Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, Raphael, Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Cranach, Dürer, and even Rembrandt – Christian art would be shunted aside and forgotten. And how many pop-art-dependent Christians today would be all the happier for it!

Heinrich Schütz studied at St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice under none other than Giovanni Gabrieli, who, along with his father Andreas, was of prime influence in the development of western music following the Renaissance, particularly in the development of antiphonal and polychoral music. This was the influence that Schütz brought back to Germany and upper Europe, and which he masterfully wedded with the German language, the purest manifestation of which, for him, was Martin Luther's translation of the the Bible.

Heinrich Schütz's Psalmen Davids, the collection featured above, was published collectively in 1619, six years after completing his studies with Gabrieli. It is the finest example of Italian influenced polychoral composition produced by him, and was instrumental in the development and refinement of German compositions moving into the Baroque period. Dresdner Keuzchor: Legendary recordings, the collection I featured three weeks ago, included one full disk devoted to the Psalmen Davids, but this single disk does not contain the full cycle of Psalms from Schütz's published collection. Rather, the recording pictured above, conducted by Frieder Bernius, and performed by the Kammerchor Stuttgart and Musica Fiata Köln, is the only complete collection of all 26 Psalms available. Performed by experts in early music, the execution is full, precise and envigorating. If one has not heard Schütz's Psalmen Davids, they may well wonder if they know what catholicity sounds like! This is music for the Church – BIG and Deep.

 

Evangelical-Lutheran Liturgical Congregations: A Directory

If you are like me, a Lutheran layman who is tired of enduring the offenses

• of anthropocentric worship practices,
  
• of broad liturgical experimentation,
  
• of a decaying Lutheran hymnody,
  
• of ever loosening fellowship standards,
  
• of the use of females in authoritative capacity, whether as lectors, or as "music/worship ministers," or used in any Representational capacity during the Divine Service, whether visibly placed in the chancel area, or elsewhere,
  
• of pastors who abandon their pulpit and wander around waving their arms during the sermon, or who otherwise put on a show for their audience,
  
• of weak preachers who are too timid to authoritatively preach Law & Gospel, and prefer instead to "give talks" or "share messages," as if to primary-school children (including the use of power-point presentations as "felt-boards and glitter" for adults, in display of the insufficiency of the spoken Word) ,

and generally,

• of any execution of the Divine Service that is not purposefully calculated to represent the distinctiveness of our Lutheran Confession,

then you may be interested in the following service, which, in my business and vacation travels, I find myself making more and more use of:

The Directory of Evangelical-Lutheran Liturgical Congregations

This is a directory of Confessional Lutheran Congregations from various Lutheran church bodies throughout the world (including some WELS, ELS, LCMS and others), that have publicly committed themselves to Confessional worship practice -- namely, use of the Historic Liturgy (for an explanation of the Lutheran Liturgy, click here for Part 1 of a series of posts devoted to this topic). By being listed on this registry, these congregations have implicitly confessed what a growing number of us layman have come to recognize: unity in practice has evaporated to such a degree -- even among those Lutheran church bodies that claim strong doctrinal unity -- that a standard other than Synodical membership is required to predict a congregation's practice.

Such is true for myself, as well. As a member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) -- a Lutheran church body which claims agreement in all matters of doctrine and practice (as Scripture and the Confessions enjoin us) -- I have found over the past couple years, particularly as my business travels have become much more extensive, that the Sunday morning drive to the local WELS congregation has become increasingly miserable, as, having no idea what to expect anymore, I anxiously wonder, With what form of innovation or offense will I be confronted this time? .

While being listed on this Directory, itself, does not cover all of the issues I list above (and there may be other issues), I am satisfied that, for those congregations which meet its criteria, there is a high likelihood that most other manners of offense will also be absent. Here is the criteria for being listed in this Directory (from their website):

• The congregation must be committed to the exclusive use of the Historic Liturgy of the Church, not an order of service unique to a Sunday or congregation. The order of service must have catholic flavor; that is, the congregation celebrates the Mass in accordance with Article 24 of the Augsburg Confession. This criterion is intended to exclude congregations which use what is commonly called a “contemporary service.” This directory is not intended to provide service times of “traditional” worship for congregations which use a variety of liturgies. If your congregation prints out the entire order of service from The Lutheran Hymnal or Lutheran Worship each week, this does not qualify as a disposable order of service. In my opinion, it may be a waste of time and paper, but it does not disqualify your congregation from being listed. A disposable order of service would be a special order of service provided by the synod or agency of the synod or one written by the pastor (or church musician). Also, “Creative Worship” would be a disposable order of service.

• The congregation must practice Closed Communion. On the debate whether the proper term is “closed” or “close”, refer to Rev. Dr. Francis Pieper. In his Christliche Dogmatik (St. Louis: Concordia, 1920), Dr. Pieper writes: “Auch die apostolische Kirche praktizierte nicht ‘open,’ sondern ‘closed’ Communion.” [The English words appeared in the midst of the German text.] In the English translation Christian Dogmatics (St. Louis: Concordia, 1953), this sentence is rendered “Neither did the Apostolic Church practice ‘open’ communion (vol. 3, p. 381)”. The words “sondern ‘closed’” were left untranslated.

• The congregation must pass the “fussy-family test.” I want to be assured that, if my family attended any service at your congregation, at least the liturgy would be Lutheran so my family won’t give me grief for taking them there. This means real liturgy, Lutheran hymns, no “praise choruses,” no “song leaders,” and no women lectors or communion assistants.

Yes indeed, as I gain experience with the wide variety of worship that is available in my church body, I've come to appreciate the phrase disposable order of service (from bullet one, above).

Having grown up a charismatic, and having spent 30 years in the throes of false worship among Charismatics, Pentecostals and pop-church Evangelicals, the danger of their methods cannot be more clear to me. For myself, offense is not necessarily found in the single visit itself, or in one service that may be off-kilter, but in what these aberrations represent concerning the certain future of congregations which first grow accustomed to them and then habitually practice them, and in what this means for the individual souls of those who trustingly rely on failing Pastoral leadership, whose function it is to Shepherd, or guide and protect, their flock in the name of Christ. Their methods draw attention away from the efficacy of the Word alone, from the Holy Spirit's work through the Means of Grace, and, consistent with their theology, places increasing trust in man's work through which the Holy Spirit's work is thought to be augmented. Use of their methods leads to conflict between confession and practice, to confusion, to uncertainty, and in the end to disaster and ruin, as faith is taught by practice to turn inward and dwell on the subjective, rather than remain focused on the objective promises of Christ. This happens as the succession of practices, which incrementally and simultaneously remove the Marks of the Church from their centrality and deprive Christians of the Means of Grace, invariably do so in favor of anthropocentric priorities that are at the heart of the heterodox teachings from which these practices spring. As Walther so aptly states, "it is soul-murder." For my family, this means that as Priest of my home, I will not permit my children to be exposed to these practices, certainly not as if such practices are normative or acceptable from a Confessional standpoint, and will actively avoid congregations that engage in them.